الأردن العبّاسي وريادة صناعة الفخّار

شكل 5 – زبادي ومنقّشة: ساذجة, ملوّنة, مزجّجة

من شمال الأردن

93> Jerash Bowl, almost complete, thickened rim with inward sloping ring base, pinkish-orange fabric, quartz temper, cream slip outside with a white slipped border and inside, decorated in dusky red paint inside with a stylized hunt scene consisting of a male human ringed by four birds and a feline, rim 28.4 cm, base 18.5 cm, height 4.8 cm, Jarash macellum (Jarash kilns), early to mid- seventh c.

94> Jerash Bowl, almost complete, thickened rim (Watson 1989 7b) with inward-sloping ring base, internal stamped decoration of cross in medallion, light red fabric throughout (2.5YR 6/8), Pella earthquake deposits AD 659 (Jarash kilns), early to mid-seventh c. (courtesy of P. Watson).

95> Jerash Bowl, almost complete, drooping ledge rim with rounded end (Watson 1989 12b), inward sloping ring base, fabric light red (2.5YR 6/8), decorated inside on base with pecking bird (cf. birds in #93) in weak red (10R 4/4) paint on white background, Moh 4.5, Pella earthquake deposits AD 659 (Jarash kilns), early to mid-seventh c. (courtesy of P. Watson).

96> Bowl, Jarash gray ware (#22-30), finger-impressed rim, two rows of comb- incised wavy lines above a single band of chisel-rocked impressions, blackish hue, 104 rim 26.8 cm, base 15.0 cm, height 8.2 cm, Jarash (Jarash North Theatre kilns, AD 749 destruction), range late seventh to earlier eighth c.

97> Bowl, Jarash gray ware, finger-impressed rim, two bands of chisel-rocked impressions separated by one row of comb-incised wavy line, blackish hue, rim 26.4 cm, base 8.0 cm, height 9.5 cm, Jarash (Jarash North Theatre kilns, AD 749 destruction), late seventh to earlier eighth c.

98> Bowl, Jarash gray ware, shallow bowl with flat base and ledge rim ending at a point, multiple strokes of white paint on rim top, small to medium sized white limestone and quartz-like grits, patchy light red (2.5YR 6/6) to light brown (7.5YR 6/4) and gray (N5/) core dark gray (N4/), Jarash (Jarash North Theatre kilns, AD 749 destruction), eighth c.

99> Hand bowl, white painted, tall concave walls to chamfered rim, slight lift to base, group of five white painted wavy lines on mid outside wall, grey fabric (cf. #45), Jarash (Jarash kilns), eighth c.

100> Hand bowl, red painted, tall concave walls to chamfered rim, slight ribbing on internal walls, bold crisscrossed lines in dull red paint with trails extending over the rim the internal surfaces, small and some medium white and grey inclusions fabric, patchy light red to light grey (2.5YR 6/8 to 2.5Y 8/2), paint dark red (7.5R 3/4), Fiḥl (Jarash kilns), eighth to ninth c.

101> Hand bowl, red painted, tall straight walls to chamfered rim, shallow ribbing on internal walls, mild carination to round base, liberal application of continuous line of loops on exterior and, at rim, garlands in red paint, fabric same as #100, light red to pale yellow (2.5YR 7/6 to 2.5Y 8/3), paint dark reddish brown (2.5YR 2/3), Fiḥl (Jarash kilns), eighth to ninth c.

102> Hand bowl, red painted, high vertical walls with chamfered rim, and flat base, ordered row of garlands hanging from rim and wavy line below in deep red paint, Jarash (Jarash kilns, south decumanus, later eighth c.), later eighth to ninth c.
103-104. Bowls, red painted, wide opening, vertical walls rounding to flat base, pointed (chamfered) or flat-topped rim, red- painted garlands at rim with internal decoration (#103) or wavy line below (#104, cf. #102, which suggests a demand for serving sets).

103> Small hand bowl, largely complete, black ware, straight sides with splayed pointed rim, smoothed external surface with incised date palms (note date bunches) within finely chiseled borders, hard fabric with many small white limestone grits (cf. #45) gray (10YR 5/1) core light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), Fiḥl (likely Jarash kilns), mid-eighth to ninth c.

104> Hand bowl, black ware, largely complete, slightly incurving sides, pointed rim, carination to rounded base, burnished sides, hard fine fabric, black, Jarash (likely Jarash kilns), later eighth to ninth c.

105> Bowl, kerbschnitt, low sides, flat base, cut pattern of alternating triangles, small to medium lime and quartz grits, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), Jarash (uncertain origin), seventh to eighth c.
108-109. Bowl, kerbschnitt, handmade gray ware, flat base, vertical walls with ledge handles, cut and incised geometric patterns with red-painted exterior panels and red and white painted lines inside (possibly copies of wooden originals), compact fabric with many white, yellow, grey, red and black inclusions of various sizes, fired light red to brown/grayish brown (2.5YR 7/7 to 7.5YR 5/3 – 10YR 5/2) paint dusky red (7.5R 4/4 – 10R 3/3) and very pale brown (10YR 7/3) on exterior, red and cream garlands and horizontal lines on interior, Fiḥl (Jarash?), mid-to late ninth c.
b) Al-Balqā ́ Cluster

106> Bowl, kerbschnitt, grey ware, handmade, high walls, pared rim, flat base, occasional thumb impression, outside walls covered with cut decoration of adjoining squares each segmented into two-by-two matching triangular excisions all framed within zigzag bands of small triangular excisions, gritty ware, dark gray throughout, Rujm al Kursī, (local source?), likely ninth to 10th c.

107> Bowl, kerbschnitt, pink ware, handmade with deep vertical sides, flat base (d. 18 cm.), cut ware in triangles; molded decoration; self-slipped on inside; small and medium limestone grits, pink (5YR 7/4) core pinkish gray (5YR 7/2), Khirbat Yājūz ‎(wasters suggest a local production), 10th to 11th c.

108> Bowl, out-pointing ring base, gently curving sides with upturn near rim, short ledge rim with rounded edge (cf. #95), traces of cream slip inside and outside, red-painted abstract designs within the bowl of, from base, a straight line, a thick rounded wavy line, a straight line, a pointed wavy line, and a thick straight line, hard fine fabric with some white grits, brick red, rim 30.2, height 8.9 cm, Rās al-Siyāghah/Mount Nebo (origin uncertain), first half of the eighth c.+ (mistakenly dated sixth c. in Schneider 1941). 113. Bowl, out-pointing ring base with grooves, very gentle curving sides to pointed top rim with a slightly concave outer face, red-paint designs within the bowl of, from base, wavy line, two parallel straight lines, broad way line, and thick straight line, brick red with brown core, rim 26.1, height 6.5 cm, Rās al-Siyāghah, first half of the eighth c.
105

109> Bowl, slightly out-pointing ring base, curved sides with inverse carination midway to double-lipped rim, dark red painted wavy lines radiating from center to rim, brown interior and core, brick red exterior, all white slipped, rim 27.5, height 7.1 cm, Rās al-Siyāghah, first half of the eighth c

110> Hand bowl, red painted, tall inward-curved sides thicker than #99-102 with internally thickened chamfered rim, round base, external surface painted with lattice pattern in red (10R 5/6), fabric light red (2.5YR 6/6) with light reddish-brown exterior (2.5YR 7/4), rim 13.0 cm thickness 0.8 cm height 10.0 cm, Tall Jawa (origin uncertain), mid-eighth c. (range mid-eighth to ninth c.).

111> Hand bowl, red painted, shape as #115, painted garlands in weak red (10R 4/4), fabric pink (5YR 7/3) core pinkish gray, slipped exterior in very pale brown (10YR 8/3), rim 14.0 cm thickness 0.6 cm height 9.5 cm, Tall Jawa (origin uncertain), mid-eighth c. (range mid-eighth to ninth c.).

112> Bowl, brown painted, straight vertical sides, rounded base, enlarged “triangular” rim with pronounced external lip, painted double wavy lines on exterior in light brown (7.5YR 6/4), fabric pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) core pink (7.5YR 7/3), no slip, rim 13.0 cm thickness 0.9 cm height 8.5 cm, Tall Jawa (origin uncertain), mid-eighth c. (range mid-eighth to ninth c.).

113> Bowl, brown painted, inward curving sides with rounded base and double-lipped rim, and a wider opening and lower walls than #115- 17, three horizontal wavy lines on outside surface painted in light brown to brown (7.5YR 6/4 – 10YR 5/3), fabric pale yellow (2.5Y 8/3), rim 16.0 cm thickness 0.9 cm height 7.0 cm, Tall Jawa, mid-eighth c. (range mid-eighth to ninth c.).

114> Hand bowl, red painted, tall inward curving sides with internally thickened chamfered rim, round base, painted garlands with horizontal wavy line below in dark red (cf. #102, 116), finely mixed fabric, pink throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

115> Bowl, slightly incurving sides, enlarged and chamfered rim, even white outer slip overpainted with a dark red lattice design with a dot inside each diamond, horizontal red line on outside and inside of rim (cf. #115, but more intricate design), finely mixed fabric, light red throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

116> Bowl, shape as #120, white slip externally and on lip overpainted with segmented square design (cf. #110) and internally on rim lip in dark red paint, finely mixed fabric, pale brownish pink throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

117> Bowl, shape as #120 but thicker walls, near flat base indicated by sharp turn (cf. #123), whitish cream slip on rim top and external sides overpainted in a brownish hue with alternating triangular fields infilled with a notched triangular design around a central circle, splashes on inside of rim, very fine fabric, creamy buff throughout, rim 15.3 cm thickness 0.6 cm, Rujm al Kursī(ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

118> Bowl, red painted, slightly out-leaning sides with flat rim, slightly convex base, white slip inside only, external surface features geometric pattern of segmented medallions with opposing arcs and a central circle (cf. #122) continuously linked by intertwining painted bands in dark red paint (“Medallion style”, originally a Persian design later used in wall paintings at eighth c. Khirbat al-Mafjar palace) with additional red-painted strokes and wavy lines on rim top and a five-pointed star on inside base (not shown), fine fabric, light pink throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

119> Lid, red painted, button handle, slightly convex sides, carinated lip, white slipped external face overpainted in dark red of a radiate pattern ending at a wavy line, finely mixed fabric, yellowish pink throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

120> Deep cylindrical bowl, red painted, slightly concave walls with incurving rim at carination, white slipped external face overpainted with a geometric pattern in dark red motifs of two intertwined bands framed in two horizontal lines and a repetitive pattern of double triangles with a circle in the center, well mixed fine fabric, light pink throughout, ꜤAmmān Citadel (ꜤAmmān?), ninth-10th c.

121> Bowl, red painted, concave walls with sharply incurving rim at carination, geometric pattern on external surface as #123 with single helix design between horizontal lines above in dusky red (10R 3/4), hard fabric of small grey and white inclusions with occasional larger white grits, external surface pink (5YR 8/4) internal reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) core pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2), Fiḥl (origin uncertain), later ninth c. (range ninth-10th c.).

من جنوب الأردن

As Gerber (2016: 148-49) remarks, local plain bowl forms with thin walls are “rather difficult to date”, although a tendency to simplicity in shape and greater depth in Early Islamic times is noted, as is seen elsewhere in Jordan. These vessels are not presented here due to the dating ambiguity with pre-Islamic times. However, two local handmade wares of a later date (#19-21, above) have recently been identified, as follows.

122> Bowl, handmade, plain ware, straight walls curving to slightly rounded base, coarse fabric of quartz, mica, and chaff temper, exterior light brown (7.5YR 6/4) interior brown (10YR 5/3), Khirbat al-Dharīḥ (local source), late 10th-12th c.

123> Bowl, handmade, red painted, curving walls to rounded rim, slipped exterior face decorated with bands of double wavy lines below which is a zigzag line with spaced dots all framed by single horizontal lines in monochrome red (5YR 5/6) paint, fine sandy fabric with oxidized 106 surfaces, exterior light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) interior light gray (10 YR 7/2) core gray (5YR 5/1), Gharandal (local origin unknown), late 10th to 11th c.

من مناطق مختلفة

124> Bowl, Cream-Buff ware, curved walls with deep incised line below flattened inward-sloping rim, incised double zigzag lines with clay dots in each triangle (cf. circles in voids of painted bowls #120, 122-125), well mixed soft fabric with fine white, orange, and grey grits with some voids, pale yellow (5Y 7/4), Fiḥl (Ṭabariyah kilns), later eighth to ninth c.

125> Bowl, Cream-Buff ware, curved walls with deep incised line below enlarged and flattened inward-sloping rim, incised random lines (lattice?) with further incised line below, with walls curving to flattened base, fabric as #129, Fiḥl (Ṭabariyah kilns), later eighth to ninth c. 131. Hand bowl, Palestinian Fine Homeware, thin curved walls, plain rounded rim, ring base, wet-smoothed surfaces, well-mixed fabric with fine white and dark grits with occasional larger but small white grits, hard fired, pale brown to pale orange, Fiḥl (Jerusalem area), mid- sixth to seventh c.

132-133> Hand bowl, Palestinian Fine Homeware, thin curved sides to rounded rim, single incised line below rim externally with paring below to heavier base, usually with a ring foot (Magness 1993: 193-94), fabric as #131, Fiḥl (#132) and Jarash (#133), (Jerusalem area), mid-sixth to late seventh to early eighth c.

134> Hand bowl, Palestinian Fine Homeware, exceptionally thin and high wall in-curving to plain rounded rim, heavier base, extensive paring with burnishing marks on external walls and to base, grooved spiral under base, well-mixed fabric with very small white limestone and chert grits, hard fired, light brown (7.5YR 6/4), burnishing reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) core pink (7.5YR 7/4), Fiḥl (Jerusalem area), late eighth and ninth c.

135> Bowl, Glazed ware, carinated wall, rounded rim, low ring base, cream-slipped inside under bubbly (degraded) yellow and green glaze separated into zones by brown glaze with drooping yellow glaze extending unevenly over rim, gritty core fabric with many fine to medium dark grey and some quartz, red, and white grits, reddish orange (5YR 6/6), Fiḥl (Yellow Glaze Family), early to mid-ninth c.

136> Bowl, Glazed ware, carinated wall, rounded rim, thin and patchy white slip under colored-glaze decoration in thick glassy green, turquoise, and yellow glaze, fabric pink (5YR 8/4) exterior surface pink (7.5YR 8/4), Fiḥl (Yellow Glaze Family), late eighth to mid-ninth c.

137. Bowl, Glazed ware, cream surfaces with light green, yellow, and white glaze, and brown paint on interior, exterior pared horizontally, fabric moderately gritty with medium-sized sand grits, orange, Aylah (Egypt?), later eighth to early ninth c. (Whitcomb 1989a: 171 Group 1; 1990–1991: 49 “Coptic Glazed ware”).

138> Bowl, Glazed ware, cream slip under yellow, dark green, and light green glaze on interior and rim, fabric moderately gritty with medium- sized sand grits, light orange pink, Aylah (Egypt? “Coptic Glazed ware”), later eighth to early ninth c.

139> Bowl, Glazed ware, cream slip, yellowish clear, green glaze and brown paint on interior and rim, fabric moderately gritty with medium- sized sand and mica grits, reddish orange, Aylah (al-Ḥijāz), early ninth c. (Whitcomb 1989a: 171 Group 4; 1990–1991: 49 “Hijazi”).

140> Bowl, Glazed ware, greenish clear, green glaze and brown paint on interior and rim, fabric moderately gritty with medium-sized sand and mica grits, orange, Aylah (al-Ḥijāz), early ninth c.

141> Bowl, Glazed ware, white slip under yellow glaze and brown paint on interior and rim, yellow glaze on exterior, fabric moderately gritty with medium-sized sand grits, tan-brown, Aylah (al-Ḥijāz), early ninth c.

Sources: A.-J. ‘Amr 1986, 1990; Blanke 2018; Daviau 2010b; Edwards et al. 1990; Gawlikowski 1986, 1995; Khalil and Kareem 2002; Makowski 2020a, 2020b; McNicoll et al. 1986; Olávarri-Goicoechea 1985; Pappalardo 2019; Schaefer and Falkner 1986; Schneider 1941; Uscatescu 1996; Uscatescu and Marot 2016; Walmsley 1982, 1995; Walmsley et al. 1993; P.M. Watson 1989, 1992b; Whitcomb 1989a, 1990–1991.